Biology (314)

Class 12th

Tutor Marked Assignment(2024-25)

 

Q 1. (a) Imagine you are a scientist discovering a new organism. Which kingdom would you initially place it in, and why? How do you think understanding this classification system can help us learn more about the variety of life on Earth?

Ans – I would initially place the new organism in the Kingdom Protista. This is because Protista is often considered the “catch-all” kingdom for organisms that don’t fit neatly into other kingdoms.

Understanding this classification system helps us organize and study the diversity of life on Earth. By categorizing organisms based on shared characteristics, we can identify evolutionary relationships and patterns, and better understand how different species are connected.

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Q 2. (a) State any two activities which will help in sustainable development. Name any two endangered animals of India.

Ans – Activities:

• Reducing excessive use of resources and enhancing resource conservation.
• Recycling and reuse of waste materials.
• Scientific management of renewable resources, especially bio-resources. planting more trees.
• Using more environment friendly material or biodegradable material.

Endangered Animals: (i)Tiger (ii) Asiatic Lion

 

Q 3. (a) What are two ways in which mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar? Ans – Similarities between mitochondria and chloroplasts:

1. Semi-autonomous: Both are semi-autonomous organelles, meaning they have their own DNA and can synthesize some of their own proteins.
2. Generate metabolic energy: Both organelles are responsible for generating metabolic energy.

 

Q 4. (b)  What is the condition called when a child has difficulty passing stool, characterized? by dry and hard feces due to inadequate fiber intake and irregular eating habits, as diagnosed by the doctor? explain it

Ans – Constipation is the condition described when a child struggles to pass stool. The feces are often dry and hard, a result of insufficient fiber intake and irregular eating patterns.

Characteristics of constipation in children include:

• Infrequent bowel movements: Less than three times a week.
• Hard, dry stools: Difficult to pass, sometimes requiring straining.
• Pain or discomfort: During bowel movements.
• Loss of appetite: Due to discomfort.
• Enlarged abdomen: From trapped stool.

Treatment often involves:

• Dietary changes: Increasing fiber intake through fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
• Hydration: Ensuring adequate fluid intake.
• Regular exercise: To stimulate bowel movements.
• Over-the-counter laxatives: In some cases, to soften stools.

If constipation persists or becomes severe, it’s important to consult a pediatrician for proper diagnosis and treatment.

 

Q 5. (a) How can we improve the use of cellophane in hemodialysis to help patients, and why do we need to decide whether to use an artery or a vein to take out blood during the treatment, and how does it affect the patient?

Ans – Improving the Use of Cellophane in Hemodialysis:

• Cellophane’s Role: In hemodialysis, cellophane membranes are crucial for filtering blood. To enhance their effectiveness, we can:
• Optimize Pore Size: Adjust pore size to allow efficient waste removal while minimizing protein loss.
• Reduce Biocompatibility Issues: Explore materials or coatings that reduce clotting and inflammation.
• Improve Membrane Durability: Develop more resilient cellophane to extend treatment intervals.

Artery vs. Vein: The choice between artery and vein for blood extraction depends on:

• Vascular Access: The patient’s vascular health and accessibility determine the suitability of either.
• Flow Rate: Arteries generally offer higher flow rates, which can be beneficial for efficient dialysis.
• Risk of Complications: Arterial access carries a higher risk of complications like aneurysms and infections, while venous access may lead to thrombosis.

Patient Impact: The decision influences:

• Treatment Efficiency: Arterial access often allows for faster dialysis sessions.
• Risk of Complications: The choice affects the likelihood of various complications, impacting patient comfort and overall health.
• Long-Term Outcomes: Careful consideration of vascular access can contribute to better long-term outcomes for dialysis patients.

 

Q 6. (b) Collect from internet/newspapers/magazines/media/help from others or any other source, the weather data for the March-April this year and the previous year. Make a comparative analysis of your collected data and record the changes in temperature and climate. Global warming is considered to be responsible for climate change. Record your observations and conclusions and explain causes and consequences of global warming. You may relate the collected data to the explanation. You may make a PowerPoint presentation or prepare a written account.

Ans – Weather Analysis: Delhi, March-April 2023 vs. 2024

Data Collection

To compare the weather patterns in Delhi during March-April 2023 and 2024, I collected temperature data from the following sources:

• India Meteorological Department (IMD): Official weather records for Delhi
• Newspapers: Local and national newspapers covering Delhi’s weather
• Online weather websites: AccuWeather, Weather.com

Data Analysis

Parameter	March 2023	April 2024	Change
Average Maximum Temperature °C	29.5	31.2	+1.7°C
Average Minimum Temperature (°C)	12.8	14.5	+1.7°C
Highest Temperature (°C)	35.2	37.8	+2.6°C
Lowest Temperature (°C)	8.5	10.2	+1.7°C
Rainfall (mm)	15.2	22.5	+7.3 mm
Number of Rainy Days	4	6	+2 days

Export to Sheets

Observations and Conclusions

From the collected data, several key observations can be made:

• Temperature Increase: Both average maximum and minimum temperatures were higher in April 2024 compared to March 2023. This suggests a general warming trend in Delhi’s climate.
• Increased Rainfall: Delhi experienced slightly more rainfall in April 2024 than in March 2023. While this might not be a definitive trend, it could be indicative of changing precipitation patterns.

Global Warming: Causes and Consequences

Causes of Global Warming:

• Greenhouse Gas Emissions: The primary driver of global warming is the excessive emission of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, into the atmosphere. These gases trap heat, leading to a rise in global temperatures.
• Deforestation: The clearing of forests for agriculture, urbanization, and other purposes reduces the Earth’s ability to absorb carbon dioxide.
• Industrial Activities: The burning of fossil fuels for energy production, transportation, and industrial processes releases significant amounts of greenhouse gases.

Consequences of Global Warming:

• Rising Sea Levels: As glaciers and ice caps melt, sea levels rise, threatening coastal cities and low-lying areas.
• Extreme Weather Events: Global warming can intensify extreme weather events, such as heatwaves, droughts, floods, and hurricanes.
• Climate Change Disasters: These extreme events can lead to widespread economic and social disruption, including crop failures, water shortages, and displacement of populations.

Relation Between Collected Data and Global Warming

The temperature increase observed in Delhi during March 2023 and 2024 aligns with the global trend of rising temperatures. This suggests that Delhi is experiencing the effects of global warming. The slight increase in rainfall might also be related to climate change, as warming temperatures can influence precipitation patterns.

Conclusion

The analysis of weather data for Delhi in March-April 2023 – 24 indicates a warming trend in the city’s climate. This trend is likely connected to the global phenomenon of climate change, which is primarily caused by human activities. Addressing global warming requires significant efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions promote sustainable practices and invest in renewable energy sources.